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  investigate  
  vision and visibility
  by Karen Werner  
  Symphony of a City is a project about Vision and Visibility.  
  The project makes it possible to simultaneously view the experiences of four diverse people in Boston - where they go, what they do, and whom they see from morning until night. In sharing their fields of vision for a day, the camera wearers not only provide viewers with information about housing and community building, the central issues explored in the project, but also create an intimate portrait of who they are. In contrast to the sound-bite portrayals of people, so common in mainstream media, Symphony of a City gives us time with people, and in that time poetry and a sense of connection can emerge.  
  What does the video footage reveal?  
  While we see the viewpoints of the camera wearers, we do not see the camera wearers themselves (unless they look in the mirror.) The identity of each participant will only become apparent as the viewer watches. Does the footage reveal anything about how the camera wearers get treated and how they treat others? Is it easy to identify whether someone is a lawyer or a homeless person? A teenager or a middle-aged person?

According to the 2000 U.S. Census, the racial and ethnic composition of Boston is: 49.5% white, 23.8% African-American, 14.4% Hispanic, 7.5% Asian or Pacific Islander, 3.1% multiracial, .3% Native American. What is the race and ethnicity of the people in the camera wearers' field of vision? What is the gender and age of the people they encounter? How do the video images compare to what and whom you see during your day?

We can get a sense of how the camera wearers (and others in their field of vision) move in different parts of the city - do they wander, rush, walk in a straight line? What are the rhythms of Boston neighborhoods? What is the ebb and flow of movement over the course of a day? Boston's population of 589,141, according to the U.S. Census, doubles during the day to almost 1.2 million. Does the footage reflect this change?

In addition to seeing the individual perspectives of the camera wearers, we can see the four viewpoints juxtaposed. The project makes room for chance - the simultaneously broadcast images and sounds will likely have moments of interesting coincidence and dissonance.

 
 
the nomination process

 
  The viewpoints we see projected onto City Hall and streamed onto the Symphony of a City Web site may challenge or reinforce images we commonly see in mass media.  
  Mainstream movies, songs, newspapers, journals, radio, television, and advertisements offer a homogenized and limited range of viewpoints related to important social issues. What happens when four people who have been nominated by a range of civic organizations get to choose the images and perspectives we see? Does Symphony of a City make visible people and places that are typically invisible in Boston's mainstream media? Does it challenge stereotypes? What kinds of news do you get about Boston and where do you get your information? Do you get access to a wide range of viewpoints?

Sociologist Martin Gilens underscores the ways that mass media warps our sense of reality. He offers a striking example, based on his research of how mainstream newspapers and magazines portray poverty: "For most Americans the most powerful images of poverty are undoubtedly the black urban ghetto...Yet they...represent a minuscule portion of all American poor. Only 6% of all poor Americans are blacks living in urban ghettos" (Gilens, 1999, p.132). Gilens also finds that news coverage about poverty plays into negative stereotypes of African-Americans. When mainstream media covers the lives of poor people, whites are typically described as worthy, hard-working poor trying to make ends meet, while poor blacks are consistently depicted as lazy, irresponsible, and unworthy of assistance.

For media to create a more realistic description of social issues, Gilens recommends that journalists become aware of their own stereotypes and misperceptions. He also recommends that news agencies hire more journalists of color, so that people of color will be depicted more accurately. A group called Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR), which keeps close watch on the influence on journalism of corporate ownership, advertisers, telecommunications policy, and the public relations industry on journalism, believes that media will be improved only when there is structural reform of the media industry. As FAIR writes on its website:

    Independent, aggressive and critical media are essential to an informed democracy. But mainstream media are increasingly cozy with economic and political powers that it should be watchdogging... Ultimately, FAIR believes that structural reform is needed to break up the dominant media conglomerates, establish independent public broadcasting, and promote strong non-profit alternative sources of information.
FAIR, as well as other scholars and activists, are concerned that media ownership is concentrated in very few hands. The U.S. media currently is dominated by ten companies: Disney, AOL-Time Warner, News Corporation, Viacom, Seagram (Universal), Sony, Liberty (AT&T), Bertelsmann, and General Electric (NBC). The 1996 Telecommunications Act, which reduced restrictions on how many media outlets one company could own, facilitated this concentration of the media industry. (Since the 1996 Act, 1/2 of radio stations in the U.S. have been sold, primarily to large corporations.) Such concentration of the media is a problem because it accentuates "hypercommercialism and denigration of public service," according to two activists John Nichols and Robert McChesney (Nichols and McChesney, 2000, p. 30).
 
 
exercise : media literacy

 
  Symphony of a City also touches on the relationship between vision and reality, between what one imagines and what one creates.  
  Democracy needs creative visions to flourish - it needs playful, outlandish ideas, a broad spectrum of debate. While mainstream media narrows public dialogue, successful activists, artists, spiritual leaders, and educators broaden discussion by generating and giving life to a variety of visions for the city.

Finally, for those who are able to see the live projections onto Boston City Hall, Symphony of a City makes visible an idealized city government. The juxtaposed projections will transform City Hall into a temporary, speaking monument, alive with the conflicting perspectives and sounds so vital for democracy.

 
 
Further reading on these issues can be found in Resources
 
 
  2001 copyright  
resources
  Further exploration of the issues.
for educators
  Using the project in your classroom.